A Complete Guide to College Graduation Announcements

A Complete Guide to College Graduation Announcements School graduation declarations can appear to be so simpleâ but likewise be so muddled. What's more, obviously, while youre attempting to make sense of the intricate details of the declarations, you despite everything need to concentrate on completing your classes and getting ready for life after school. Utilize this manual for help you through the arranging, sorting out, and sending of graduation declarations. The Logistics Organizing the coordinations behind declarations can be a genuine agony in the mind. With a little assistance, be that as it may, it can likewise be dealt with a couple of fast advances. The Why: 8 Reasons to Send Graduation AnnouncementsThe Who: To Whom Should I Send My Graduation Announcements?The Where and How: Where to Get Graduation AnnouncementsThe When: When to Mail Your Graduation Announcements The What: The Announcements Themselves Wording declarations can appear to be so natural. That is,â of course, until you really plunk down and attempt to think of them. To kick you off, underneath are an assortment of declaration styles you can utilize or change a piece to make your own, customized graduation declaration. Regardless of which kind of declaration you send, the accompanying data is imperative: Your nameThe school or universityThe degree you earned (e.g., B.A. in Political Science)The initiation service (or gathering) date and timeThe area of the function or gathering Do you truly need to welcome individuals? In contrast to secondary school graduation, not every person will go to the initiation service or anticipate a gathering. It is basic for school graduates to avoid the date and area data and utilize their declarations as, simply that, a declaration of your accomplishment. Declarations with Formal, Traditional Language Generally, a school graduation declaration utilizes formal language, for example, The President, Faculty, and Graduating Class... in the initial lines before giving the subtleties in similarly formal terms. Illuminating the dates and maintaining a strategic distance from truncations for degrees are only a portion of the highlights youll find in formal declarations. In the event that you might want to stay with custom, here are two guides to investigate: Formal Announcement Sample #1Formal Announcement Sample #2 Easygoing and Informal Announcements Possibly youre to a greater degree an easygoing alumni who needs to drop all convention and appreciate the festival. Assuming this is the case, there are unlimited approaches to start your declaration and you can have a ton of fun as you like. Here are a couple of models and dont neglect to incorporate the subtleties. Instruction, Dedication, Jubilation, Graduation!Call the neighbors around, Raise a glass of Chablis,[Tasha] has earned [her] school degree![Shes] Graduating! Declarations Mentioning Family or Friends One more way to deal with the declaration is to incorporate the help of your loved ones. This is a decent route for the individuals who care about you most and helped you through school to recognize how pleased they are of you. Companions/Family Announcement Sample #1Friends/Family Announcement Sample #2 Declarations with a Religious Theme Regardless of whether you are moving on from a religious school or essentially want to recognize how your confidence helped you in this extraordinary accomplishment, including a rousing stanza is a good thought. It likewise doesnt matter which religion you follow, theres motivation in every one of them. Search for a stanza or engraving that relates to learning and information and statement this at the highest point of your declaration. Once more, dont overlook the subtleties! Religious Announcement Sample

Economic convergence is the concept that poor economies will Assignment

MindMeister Wins Best User Centered Design Award - Focus

MindMeister Wins Best User Centered Design Award - Focus Were rather proud to announce that MindMeister just won its first award the Best User Centered Design Company of the Year 2007 award by Hasso Plattner Ventures! For those of you who dont know him, Hasso is one of the founders of SAP. He was also there when we received the prize last week in Berlin, at the annual Forum on Entrepreneurship (which incidentally carried the theme Design IT this year). The jury seemed to think that MindMeister had an outstandingly intuitive and accessible user interface combined with a well thought-out feature set (we agree completely ;-)), which is why they selected MindMeister from a shortlist of 15 or so nominated tools. Not bad, eh? Get Started with Mind Mapping Try MindMeister MindMeister Wins Best User Centered Design Award - Focus Were rather proud to announce that MindMeister just won its first award the Best User Centered Design Company of the Year 2007 award by Hasso Plattner Ventures! For those of you who dont know him, Hasso is one of the founders of SAP. He was also there when we received the prize last week in Berlin, at the annual Forum on Entrepreneurship (which incidentally carried the theme Design IT this year). The jury seemed to think that MindMeister had an outstandingly intuitive and accessible user interface combined with a well thought-out feature set (we agree completely ;-)), which is why they selected MindMeister from a shortlist of 15 or so nominated tools. Not bad, eh? Get Started with Mind Mapping Try MindMeister

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Depressive Disorder

Abstract Bipolar Depressive Disorder is a mental disorder referred to as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). It is ranked the sixth leading cause of disability in the world by the World Health organization (Lopez, 2006). It is a brain-related disease that affects millions of people every year. This essay provides the condition’s description, incidence and prevalence, common characteristics, signs and symptoms, cellular and systemic changes, causative factors, diagnosis criteria, and treatment. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC, 2016), bipolar disorder causes different variations in a person’s ability to function, their mood, as well as their energy. It affects people in social aspects that not only produce damaging results to†¦show more content†¦It causes one to no longer derive pleasure in the activities that used to bring joy. Symptoms are not obvious as they are usually mistaken for normal emotional levels. Without treatment, the disorder can worsen (Stein, Kupfer Schatzberg, 2005). The Incidence and Prevalence in the United States and Other Parts of the World Close to 3% of people globally have become victims to this major depressive disorder (Lopez, 2006). The lifetime rate of people diagnosed with this disorder varies in different parts of the world. India was found to have the lowest rate at 0.1% while the U.S. leads with a high of 4.4%. Its prevalence among the adults in the U.S. also comprises of 2.6% of the adult population (CDC 2016). In addition, more than 80% of the bipolar disorder cases have been classified as severe. Out of these, only 49% have been reported to be receiving treatment. It is estimated to be the most expensive diagnosis in terms of behavioral health care (Lopez, 2006). Among the high-income countries, the Unites States ranked highest in terms of the percent of population suffering from the disorder. The Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, reports that 3 million Americans 18 years and above suffer from bipolar disorder (Lopez, 2006). A nationwide survey reported that 6.7% of the adult population has had a bipolar period within the past twelve months. These rates

Parenting Styles And Their Influence On Children - 995 Words

Parenting Styles Today, being a parent is obviously challenging in several different directions. Every parent has different opinions on how they believe they should parent and punish their children. Parenting styles can be described as the way in which a family is structured. There are four major parenting styles that are all used today. The four styles include authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved parenting. Each one of these styles have their advantages and disadvantages. Even though every parent wants nothing but the best for their children, they each have very diverse parenting styles. The way in which parents go about parenting them is very important in the children’s future (Hibbard and Walton). Some of the parenting styles seem to have a more negative outcome than others. Two of the most dissimilar parenting styles would be the authoritarian and uninvolved parenting. Both of these have very unlike aspects that appear to affect children differently. Fi rst of all, authoritarian parenting style is best known as the strict parenting style. Parents are extremely strict on their rules and regulations. They do not allow their children to do anything that is not approved and notified by the parents. Authoritarian parents rely more disciplining their children to keep them well-behaved and good manners. They encourage their adolescent to be independent while maintaining limits and controls on their actions (Kopko). These parents expect their children toShow MoreRelatedParenting Styles And Their Influence On Children798 Words   |  4 PagesParenting styles have a direct correlation to how a parent interacts with their child and how their child interacts with them. Diana Baumrind was a developmental psychologist that came up with four basic parenting styles that influence how children behave throughout their life (Kopko,2007). The parenting styles consist of authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and uninvolved. An authoritarian style is characterized when a parent barely shows warmth to their child and has desires to control theirRead MoreParenting Styles And Their Influence On Children951 Words   |  4 Pages In this day in age there are various approaches to raising children. Each parent(s) must decide for them selves which style best fits their beliefs and abilities. Many parents come to the conclusion that they will try their best and just hope that their children learn right from wrong and the abilities they need to succeed in life. However, what most parents do not always realize is that the style of parenting they are using may have a bigger impact on their child than they are aware of. For theRead MoreParenting Styles And Their Influence On Children1264 Words   |  6 Pageschild or children does not mean you have the fundamentals of being a good parent. Raising children you should be ready to teach, construct develop have conformity in the home and nature skills into your child so they are ready for society and the world in their near future. When parenting a child there are serval ways to raise children. Many parents prefer different methods over others. Some parenting styles are use more than others and are much favorable than others. Different parenting styles bringRead MoreParenting Styles And Their Influences On Our Children Essay2140 Words   |  9 PagesParenting Styles and Their Influences on Our Children The Community College of Philadelphia By: Maria Maldonado November 22nd, 2016â€Æ' The Introduction Thesis- It is my belief that in order to provide a framework of parenting that would allow for the best probable outcome for a child’s development it is important to take a stance in which we provide reasonable demands from our children while providing equal responsiveness to their needs. Majority of us are born with two arms, two legs, a head andRead MoreAttachment Theory and Parenting Style Influence on Children Essay1185 Words   |  5 PagesHow the child is raised and the parenting style used is a significant influence on that development by affecting the relationship between parent and child. This supports the Attachment theory in which emphasizes relationship between the child and caregiver as a key factor in development. My Caregiver’s Parenting Style My parents, my father specifically, believed that children should obey their elders without question and without hesitation. 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Parenting refers to the parent’s actions and reactions to their child, including expectations, beliefs and values. Diana Baumrind (1971, 1991), psychologist, based parenting on two aspects including control and warmth. Baumrind used the combination of these aspects in different ways to identify the four styles of parenting used today, consisted of, authoritativeRead MoreDevelopment Of Infancy And Early Childhood1385 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment that occur during this time set the stage upon which further and more specific aspects of development will occur. There are many different external and internal components which influence and guide development during this time. These components include the individual’s family, including more specific parenting styles, as well as early education and the individual’s social environment. Each of these various aspects of development plays a critical and widespre ad role in these initial stages of developmentRead MoreEssay on Infancy and Early Childhood Development1654 Words   |  7 Pagesinteraction. Development begins during the prenatal period on up to the early years and depends on the nutritional, medical, emotional, and intellectual support of parents, family members, caregivers, and teachers (Cherry, 2011). Parenting styles also play a role in what influences development as well as early childhood education programs. During the prenatal period when a child’s development begins, thus being aware of many factors that can damage the fetus and the development of a healthy child. InRead MoreThe Fbi Behavior Analysis Unit1443 Words   |  6 PagesKarley Pecosky Psychology Parenting Styles The FBI Behavior Analysis Unit can profile a person down to the type of household they grew up in. Behavior as an adult, especially of a psychopath, is usually in correlation to a traumatic event of their childhood, usually involving their parents. The FBI has the ability to analyze all the behaviors of a person and tell you what kind of car they are mostly likely to drive, what profession they are most likely involved in, and in most cases, links to

Pro Legalization of Prostitution Essay - 1151 Words

Pro Legalization of Prostitution The world’s largest trade, prostitution, has always found ways to overcome the legal attempts to suppress it. Prostitution has become one of the most common trades throughout the world. Many poor countries have turned to prostitution as an outlet from their economic difficulties. It is the easiest from of labor for those who do not have a proper education or the economic background to join the legal labor force. Many men and women have found this line of work to be extremely rewarding in monetary aspects. Therefore the globalisation and popularity of prostitution is not seen as a huge surprise. Prostitution has been on the streets and behind doors since the sixteenth†¦show more content†¦The Victorians tolerated prostitution, but never accepted it as part of their society. By the mid-nineteenth century, prostitution became more open and accepted. Men of all social classes went to brothels and engaged in sexual activities with street prostitutes. The government became lenient in their resistant to strengthening the laws against prostitutes. Regulation or systematic toleration was put into place as a result of the changing attitudes towards prostitution. The government realized that prostitution could never completely disappear, so it was tolerated and regulated simultaneously. Street prostitution is the largest group of prostitution today. It is the easiest to join because there are not many necessities or requirements involved. Three major groups of street prostitution exist. Professionals who work full time for a living, the ones who work to feed a habit, and the part-time workers who work to support their family The professionals join this line of work through their own volition and make a long life career out of it. Many of them are sex crazed and therefore choose to become prostitutes. The prostitutes that work to feed a habit, usually work to get money for drugs and alcohol. Intravenous drugs has become linked with prostitution in the past few years. The criminalization of prostitution has forced it into the streets where drugs and alcohol are abundantly present. TheShow MoreRelatedProstitution: Should A Change Be Made? Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesProstitution: Should A Change Be Made? Prostitution is often called the world’s oldest profession. By definition, it is â€Å"the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.† It has been around since the first civilizations of Mesopotamia and isn’t going anywhere. Prostitution is also one of the most controversial topics in todays modern society. There is a wide variety of different pros and cons related to this subject. With these pros and cons come supporters andRead MoreWhat is Prostitution?1838 Words   |  7 Pages According to the 2014 Merriam-Webster dictionary, prostitution is defined as â€Å"the act of having sex in exchange for money† (â€Å"Prostitution†). 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Prostitution is a strongly enforced crime that costs America large sums ofRead MoreThe Legalization Of The Prostitution1040 Words   |  5 Pages Prostitution has long been called the world’s most ancient profession. Many records proof that people used sex selling as a sort of payoff. Whenever the settlers were running around killing the natives, they were also enjoying the pleasures of regional prostitutes. Appolodprus, a Greek philosopher and historian declared For we have courtesans for pleasure, and concubines for the daily service of our bodies, and wives for the production of legitimate offspring and to have a reliable guardianRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1150 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the chance to pick an arguable topic arose I chose one that has been particularly sensitive within my own group of friends. The question is: Should prostitution be legal? My question is: Why shouldn’t it? By all means I respect the opinion that having sex for money is completely illegal in most states but what about stripping? Stripping is completely legal and paid for lap dances aren’t the only advancemen t allowed. Strippers are allowed to receive payment to have sexual encounters within theRead MoreProstitution And Its Effect On Public Health Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is defined as â€Å"the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.† It is commonly referred to in the media and among society as the â€Å"oldest profession in the book†. This is easily explained by the ancient references that are present in religious tales of the Old Testament in the bible to modern day â€Å"red light districts† across the United States. 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In our culture; however, prostitution has become a topic of debate concerning the merits of this professions legality. In viewing the legalization of prostitution one must take into account all the pros and cons of the situation, but more importantly what isRead MoreThe Legal And Social Implications Of Prostitution1039 Words   |  5 PagesThe legal and social implications of prostitution have been a topic of much concern over the past few decades. Although the issue has been heavily debated, a proper answer to its legalization or criminalization has not yet been defined in many cou ntries throughout the world. While some view that â€Å"sex work† is a justifiable occupation that should be protected under human rights, others argue that it’s legalization would do more harm than good. According to the Health and Human Rights Journal (2014)Read MorePro-Prostitution (The Advantages of Prostitution)1469 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is the act or practice of engaging in sexual activities in the exchange of money (Dictionary.com). Prostitution is believed by many to be the world?s oldest profession with its roots tracing back to ancient times (Otchet). It is a common belief that prostitutes are only women, but the truth is that prostitutes are predominantly of the female gender. In today?s modern society prostitutes are frowned upon by society because they see it as being on the same category as drug addiction and

Patterns in Nature Summary free essay sample

Organisms are made of cells that have similar structural characteristics * Outline the historical development of the cell theory, in particular the contributions of Robert Hooke and Robert Brown Robert Hooke was the first person to observe a cell through a compound microscope in 1665. Franscesco Redi used a microscope to observe that flies do not spontaneously appear but develop from eggs laid by other flies. Many years later, Robert Brown observed a large body in both animal and plant cells that he named the nucleus. M. Schleiden and T. Schwann came up with the first two points of cell theory; 1. Cells are the smallest units of life and 2. All living things consist of one or more organised structures called cells. Rudolf Virchow later added the third point to the cell theory; 3. All living things arise from pre-existing cells. * Describe evidence to supports the cell theory * Discuss the significance of technological advances to developments in the cell theory Identify cell organelles seen with current light and electron microscopes In light microscopes the organelles that could be seen were cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus, chloroplast, water vacuole and cell membrane. * Describe the relationship between the structure of cell organelles and their function 2. Membranes around cells provide separation from and links with the external environment * Identify the major groups of substances found in living cells and their uses in cell activities The major group of substances found in living cells are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are used as nutrients for cells, cellular respiration, provide energy for the body to function and live off, give structure to cell walls and store glucose. Lipids are a structural component of cell membrane and modulator of cell activity. Proteins regulate the immune system and signal pathways. Nucleic acids are used for the growth repair and reproduction of cells and are also used in DNA and RNA. * Identify that there is movement of molecules into and out of cells Passive transport is the movement of molecules across the cell that doesn’t require expenditure of energy. Active transport on the other hand is the movement of molecules across cell membranes requiring energy and proteins that act as carriers * Describe the current model of membrane structure and explain how it accounts for the movement of some substances into and out of cells The cell membrane is mainly composed of integral proteins and lipid bilayer. The phospholipids form a bilayer with the hydrophilic head facing outwards and the hydrophobic tails facing inwards. This model for the cell membrane is called the fluid mosaic model. The fluid mosaic model demonstrates the semi permeable nature of membrane. Polar molecules have trouble passing though non-polar parts of the membrane but can easily pass through the polar parts of the membrane, therefore to move through the membrane they require protein channels to provide a path through it. Water molecules pass through pores in the lipid and protein channels allow certain substances pass through the membrane; once the molecule enters the protein channel; the protein undergoes a conformational change so that the molecule can pass through. Compare the processes of diffusion and osmosis Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration whereas osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; they both use passive transport * Explain how the surface area to volume ratio affects the rate of movement of substances into and out of ce lls All nutrients and gases needed by a cell have to pass across the cell membrane as do all waste materials when leaving the cell. The requirements of a cell can quickly outstrip the rate at which the membrane can let material cross. As a cell increases in size, it would require greater amounts of nutrients and would have to excrete more waste, the surface area would increase but at a much slower rate. 3. Plants and animals have specialised structures to obtain nutrients from their environment * Identify some examples that demonstrate the structural and functional relationships between cells, tissues, organs and organ systems in multicellular organisms * Cells gt; Tissues gt; Organ gt; System gt; Organism * E. g. Muscle cell gt; Muscle Tissue gt; Stomach gt; Digestive system gt; Human * Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs in terms of nutrient requirements * Plant cells are autotrophic and obtain energy through photosynthesis * Animal cells are heterotrophic and obtain energy through consuming other organisms * Identify the materials required for photosynthesis and its role in ecosystems * Carbon dioxide, water, energy from sunlight, chlorophyll * Photosynthesis occurs only when plants can obtain carbon dioxide, water and light from their external environment, products produced are glucose and oxygen. All living things depend on photosynthesis. Photosynthesis enables green plants to obtain energy directly; plants and animals obtain this energy indirectly from the food they eat. * Identify the general word equation for photosynthesis and outline this as a summary of a chain of biochemical reactions * Carbon dioxide + water light energy gt; glucose + oxygen Explain the relationship between the organisation of the structures used to obtain water and minerals in a range of plants and the need to increase the surface area available for absorption * Water and minerals are obtained through root systems; root systems must have a very large surface area to absorb enough nutrients for the whole plant, they achieve this through having a branching structure and many root hairs. The root system can also be used to anchor the plant. Tap roots: these types of root systems have one main root, called the tap root, side roots come grow out from the tap root, tap roots many penetrate deeply into the soil; sometimes the taproots act as storage organs. * Fibrous roots: these root systems form networks of roots close to the soil surface, they can spread out widely to support the plant, and provide a large surface area for absorption of mineral ions and water * Aerial roots: in areas like water logged estuaries or swamps, plants produce roots that grow above the ground, these roots help with gas exchange. Explain the relationship between the shape of leaves, the distribution of tissues in them and their role * Leaves that don’t get as much sunlight usually have flat, broad leaves to maximise the area exposed to sunlight which allows them to photosynthesise more. Palisade mesophyll contains large amounts of chloroplasts to increase rate of photosynthesis and are arranged closest to the surface of the leaf that receives the most sunlight. Spongy mesophyll cells are arranged between the palisade mesophyll and the stomata, with gaps or a space between them; the gaps allow air to diffuse among the cells which are producing and release both CO2 and O2; this is where gas exchange occurs. Stomata open and close to limit and increase the rate of gaseous exchange and loss of water. Xylem vessels transport water to photosynthetic cells. Phloem tissues transport products of photosynthesis (sugars). Describe the role of teeth in increasing the surface area of complex foods for exposure to digestive chemicals * The role of teeth in a digestive system is to break large foods into smaller pieces, increasing surface area and allowing larger exposure to digestive chemicals * Explain the relationship between the length and overall complexity of digestive systems of a vertebrate herbivore and a vertebrate carnivore in respect to * The chemical composition of their diet * The functions of the structures involved Carnivores: The main com ponent of their diet is meat. Meat contains protein, carbohydrates and lipid (fat), meat is high in energy, and is relatively easy to digest as animals don’t contain cell walls or cellulose like plants; this means that the digestive systems of carnivores are short compared to herbivores. They have very short large intestines, as the meat has already been absorbed in the small intestine * Herbivores: The main component of a herbivore’s diet is plant material. Plants are composed of glucose, starch, lipids, protein, chloride ions and lignin. As most of the mass of plant material is made up of cellulose it is difficult to breakdown compared to animal material, herbivores use the help of micro-organisms to help digest the cellulose. This digestion can occur in two places; fore-gut fermenters digest their food in a chamber before the stomach called the rumen. Hind-gut fermenters digest its food in a chamber after the small intestine called the caecum. The digestive systems of herbivores are a lot larger and longer than that of carnivores. 4. Gaseous exchange and transport systems transfer chemicals through the internal and between the external environments of plants and animals * Compare the roles of respiratory, circulatory and excretory systems * Respiratory System The respiratory system enables gaseous exchange to occur between an organism and its external environment. Organisms take in oxygen which is essential to keep alive and remove carbon dioxide. * Circulatory (transport) System A transport system ensures that all cells in an organism are supplied with necessary nutrients and gases as well as removing waste. The circulatory system transports gases e. g. oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, hormones and antibodies. It is responsible for maintaining a constant internal environment. The circulatory system also removes any toxins or pathogens and is responsible for the distribution of heat. * Excretory System The excretory system is responsible for removing metabolic wastes from the blood and to expel them from the organism. Two main waste products are: Nitrogenous wastes – excreted as part of urine Carbon dioxide – expelled from the lungs * Identify and compare the gaseous exchange surfaces in an insect, a fish, a frog and a mammal * Insects: Insects have a system of branching tubes within their bodies called tracheae; they are open to the external environment by spiracles (pores). The tracheae branch throughout the tissues of the insect, bringing air directly to the body cells. * Fish: The respiratory system in fish are called gills, the gills have a plentiful blood supply, and so the gases diffuse directly into the blood supply. Diffusion of oxygen in and carbon dioxide out occurs at the same time, as water only flows in one direction. * Frogs: Frogs have two respiratory surfaces: skin and lungs, frogs have a well-developed blood supply to their skin, this enables the diffusion of gases directly through the skin. Oxygen from the air diffuses into the moist skin and is transferred by the blood to the heart, where it is pumped to the rest of the body. * Mammals: The gas exchange organs are the lungs, they are inside the body to prevent drying out. Explain the relationship between the requirements of cells and the need for transport systems in multicellular organisms * Unicellular organisms rely on diffusion to supply requirements such as oxygen, respiration, remove of waste products such as carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste. * Multicellular organisms are larger in size and aren’t able to use osmosis due to their small surface area to volume ratio. Large organisms such as animals need more nutrien ts and produce more waste. A transport system within the bodies of large organisms is able to transport nutrients and dispose of waste efficiently. Outline the transport systems in plants, including: * Root hair cells * Root hairs provide a large surface area for water to diffuse into the plant. Water seeps through the root hairs and travels up the xylem. * Xylem * Xylem consists of dead cells and transports water and mineral ions up the plant stem to the leaves. * Phloem * The phloem transports glucose throughout the plant and allows organic material to be transported up and down the plant. * Stomates and lenticels * Stomates are located on leaves of plants, they are pores in the leaf which enable the diffusion of gases and receive the gases needed for photosynthesis. Stomates can open and close; when open, gas exchange occurs in the leaf and photosynthesis occurs, but when they close, the rate of photosynthesis slows, this is controlled by guard cells, and dependent on light, humidity, water deficiency, and high temperatures. * Lenticels are pores on the woody stems of plants. The gases needed for respiration are diffused through lenticels and allow carbon dioxide to diffuse out. * Compare open and closed circulatory systems using one vertebrate and one invertebrate as examples * Invertebrates such arthropods have open systems. This involves the movement haemolymph around the whole body by a simple pumping system. The fluid is pumped to the front of the animal and slowly flows to the back. The pressure is very low and fluids circulate slowly. An insect has an open circulatory system. The heart contracts and fluid flows to the front of the insect. The fluid flows through the tissues of the body and enters the heart again through a series of holes. The fluid is then pumped again to the rest of the body. * Large animals such as vertebrates and squids have closed systems. The closed circulatory system consists of a muscular pump (heart) that forces blood through a series of tubes (blood vessels), these tubes carry materials rapidly throughout the body. The nutrients, wastes and gases are all carried in blood; the nutrients must first diffuse into lymph before it can be used. Closed systems meet the needs of large active animals. Humans have closed circulatory systems; the heart pumps blood around the body in veins and arteries, the body cells receive nutrients from the blood through the veins. 5. Maintenance of organisms requires growth and repair * Identify mitosis as a process of nuclear division and explain its role * Mitosis is the process where the nucleus divides into two separate nuclei, cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm forming two new cells; the role of mitosis is the growth and repair of multicellular organisms. * Identify the sites of mitosis in plants, insects and mammals * The site of mitosis in plants is; the root tip. In insects it is when the larvae undergo metamorphosis into an adult. In mammals mitosis occurs in many places including skin cells, hair cells and nail cells. * Explain the need for cytokinesis in cell division * Cytokinesis usually occurs immediately after mitosis, it is necessary to ensure that chromosome numbers remain constant. * Identify that nuclei, mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA * Nuclei contain DNA in the form of chromosomes; they contain genetic information that determines heredity and characteristics * Mitochondria have a set of their own DNA in a ring Chloroplasts also have a circular

Censorship Essays (2899 words) - , Term Papers

Censorship Of Peter Noyes Erin Lowe- also author of many "outstanding" American History essays.... of which two are published somewhere here..... one about Peter Noyes, and another about Mercantilism..... "Books won't stay banned. They won't burn. Ideas won't go to jail... In the long run of history, the censor and the inquisitor have always lost. The only sure weapon against bad ideas is better ideas. The source of better ideas is wisdom. The surest path to wisdom is a liberal education." The only way that the ideas of this world that are deemed bad are going to go away is if we are allowed to see them and change them. If we are not allowed to see what is "bad" then our society will never grow to become a better place. What censorship does is keep us protected; leaving us living sheltered lives. If we never see a racist comment how are we to know that racism is bad? At the same time Censorship can be a good thing because it keeps children from seeing pornography, and terrible acts of violence. However censorship should not keep anyone from seeing literature, even if it is considered slightly explicit in a sexual, racial, or violent manner. Censorship should leave the ideas of people alone and leave them with their first amendment rights. Amendment one of the United States Bill of Rights reads "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise there of; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble...". What this means is that we, in America have the right to be any religion, and to not have that religion forced upon us. We have the right to say what we want and to publish our ideas if we so wish, and to read the ideas that others have published. We can also peaceably assemble, or gather in protest without violence what we think is wrong. The biggest right that we have is that of free speech and press. We can say what we want! As American sometimes we take this for granted. However even though we have the right to free speech we have to draw the line somewhere, but where? "We so often condemn books that were written to fight the very things that we claim to be fighting." This quote illustrates one of the things that are so wrong with censorship. We seem to ban or censor books, like The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, that are actually against racism or whatever the objection to the book is. When a book is taken the wrong way it is simply the fault of the reader, and not the book. The book therefore cannot be censored in this case. To override the right of free speech on the grounds that the speech in question is likely to harm or offend others is to commit an act of censorship. Not all censorship of this manner is unjustified however, for some speech causes significant and direct harm to others, such as maliciously defaming speech, and speech which opens national secrets to "enemies". There should be however a presumption that all speech is protected from censorship in that the censor always has to prove and to persuade the people that the speech is bad. In this way it is using new and better ideas to eliminate the bad ideas. The speaker should not have to prove every time that an individual challenges his/her speech that it really is good. The proof has to be that whatever harm or offense the speech has caused is significant, and direct. Free speech is a valuable thing, and should not be restricted by its remote or superficially adverse affect on others. "Without free speech no search for truth is possible... no discovery of truth is useful... Better a thousandfold abuse of free speech that denial of free speech. The abuse dies in a day, but the denial slays the life f the people, and entombs the hope of the race" This quote had an excellent point in the case against censorship. To discover new ideas and the truth of life we need to be exposed to new thoughts, and different thoughts. If we always saw the same thoughts over and over we could never expand; we could never become better as a society without new ideas. If new ideas cannot be written or seen then their discovery is useless, for they cannot help without being seen. SO

Elements and Drivers of Globalization †International Business Essay (100 Level Course)

Elements and Drivers of Globalization – International Business Essay (100 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Elements and Drivers of Globalization International Business Essay(100 Level Course) A.Globalization of Markets: It refers to the merging of national markets into one huge global marketplace. Now selling internationally is easier due to falling barriers to cross-border trade. A company doesn’t have to be the size of these multinational giants to facilitate and benefit from the globalization of markets. It is important to offer a standard product to the worldwide. But very significant differences still exist between national markets like consumer tastes, preferences, legal regulations, cultural systems. These differences require that marketing strategies in order to match the conditions in a country. To illustrate, Wal-Mart may still need to vary their product from country depending on local tastes and preferences. B.Globalization of Production: It refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the world to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production. The idea is to compete more effectively offering a product with good quality and low cost. For example, Nike is considerated one of the leading marketers of athletic shoes and apparel on the world. The company has some overseas factories where has achieved a super production with low cost. Unfortunately Nike has been a target of protest and persistent accusations that its products are made in sweatshops with poor working conditions. The company has signaled a commitment to improving working conditions, but in spite of the fact, the attacks continue. C.Falling Barriers to Trade and Investment: The falling of barriers to international trade enables firms to view the world as their market. The lowering of barrier to trade and investments also allows firms to base production at the optimal location for that activity. Thus, a firm might design a product in one country, produce a component parts in two other countries, assemble the product in another country and then export the finished product around the world. The lowering of trade barriers has facilitated the globalization of production. The evidence also suggests that foreign direct investment is playing an increasing role in the global economy D.Technological Innovation: Technological changes have achieved advances in communication, information processing, and transportation technology, including the Internet and the World Wide Web (www). The most important innovation has been development in the microprocessors after that global communications have been revolutionized by developments in satellite, optical fiber, and wireless technologies, and now the Internet and the www. The rapid growth of the internet and the associated www is the latest expression of this development. Besides, innovations have occurred in the field of the transportation technology. The development of commercial jet aircraft has reduced the time needed to get from one location to another. Now New York is closer to Tokyo than ever. Research Papers on Elements and Drivers of Globalization - International Business Essay (100 Level Course)Definition of Export QuotasRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanPETSTEL analysis of IndiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaTwilight of the UAWMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Project Managment Office SystemGenetic Engineering

Network security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Network security - Essay Example This firm is emerging as a huge business set-up with a head office located in New York. In the past few years, TAS has got massive popularity and now it has 10 stores in the area. The staff of TAS comprises more than 500 people. In order to connect its different stores the business has implemented a wide area network (WAN). However, the internal activities are performed by using local area network (LAN), which is established by using cables and other hardware devices. The implementation of this network has brought a number of advantages and improvements to business, however; in order to run its business operations effectively the firm has implemented an effective security mechanism. The firm has mixed a wide variety of security techniques to improve its network security. In this scenario, the business uses different security techniques to ensure the maximum security of its network. This paper discusses some of the important aspects associated with its network security. ... In addition, the absence of a network security can create many security challenges for a firm for instance a competitor or a hacker can gain access to private or vital information, which can destroy the entire business or personal information related to a specific system or data loss. In this scenario, an organization can implement effective network security when its employees and staff members have knowledge of network security. In simple words, in an attempt to ensure effective network security system users must follow organization’s security guidelines (Kaminsky, 2012; Ray, 2004; Laudon & Laudon, 1999). Athlete’s Shack (TAS) makes use of a wide variety of security techniques to ensure the security of its network and business data. Some of the important techniques are outlined below: Username and Password Based Access: Each employee is provided with a username and a password which they use in order to access and use the system. For this purpose, they have an IT Centre , which is responsible for determining the access type for the organization’s employees. Firewalls A firewall can be implemented in both hardware and software format as they are designed to stop illegal access to or from a private network. In addition, firewalls stop illegal Internet users from accessing private networks connected to the Internet, in particular intranets (Indiana University, 2012; Rouse, 2007). Since the different stores of the Athlete’s Shack (TAS) are connected using the Internet so they have implemented firewalls to secure their computers and network. Antivirus Software An anti-virus program stops viruses from entering into the computer network. In this scenario, TAS is using the latest version of Avira Antivirus1 that is very

Irish Immigrants and Scottish Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Irish Immigrants and Scottish Society - Essay Example The arrival of the large mass of Irish immigrants belonging to lower social classes and carrying no educational values, but only the desire to survive, made it difficult for both sides to coexist and found the basis of a new society. The immigrants brought with them the religious and ideological conflict between Catholics and Protestants and supplemented in this way a problem that haunted British history from early times. As Tom Devine discusses in his paper there is a major crisis that started with the first wave of immigrants who came from area belonging to what is nowadays the Republic of Ireland and who were mostly Catholics. In such conditions, generated by what should be interpreted as the fled from famine and not immigration per se, the identity of the Irish immigrants transformed itself in a very spectacular way. Their values that were founded on religious beliefs represented an impediment in the process of assimilation that was supposed to take place between the Scottish society and its values and the newly arrived. The differences between the Irish and the Scottish are not to be analyzed only in terms of religion, but also from a social perspective; the nineteenth century meant for Scotland industrialization, new means of work and production that were not present in the rural Ireland. Lack of systematization of work generated not only the difficulties related to food in Ireland, but it triggered problems such unemployment and lack of education and working skills. After the first wave of immigrants, in the years following 1800, the Irish who came to Scotland carried with them a different aspect of Irish identity and, as Tom Devine points out, the interaction with the Scots was starting to open new paths, and the relationship between the two waves of immigration unveiled the fact that there were significant differences of mentality between them and that in the first decades there has been an agrarian improvement in Ireland and that Protestants developed a different intellect and thus were able to cope better with the new social environment. Comparing the two movements, the first one, the Catholics, were driven to Scotland by famine, these people who formed in Ireland a crafting society changed their lives in a significant way, leaving behind their rural homelands and throwing them in the middle of a society that they could not cope with because they lacked industrial skills. However, their identity was not shattered immediately because of the pride they took as Catholics, without realizing that to be an Irish immigrant is not all about expressing a religious statement. The stubbornness and will to survive shaped both English and Irish identities and the experience generated even by these uneducated and ill people imposed new values in the British history. Nevertheless, their desire to permanently reinforce their beliefs and also to create the necessary institutions devoted to its practice helped them surpass their minimal organizational status and rise in time to that of the more evolved Scottish society. The Protestant Irish belonging to the second wave provided a change for the Scottish society and Irish

Analysis of Performance Appraisal System

Analysis of Performance Appraisal System ABSTRACT This article examines the Performance Appraisal System of Opsonin Pharma Ltd. It discusses one previous format of performance appraisal and the current performance appraisal. Author has tried to find out whether performance appraisal system of the company motivates the employees to achieve the company goal. Researcher has conducted the survey in the head office people of the company to get the idea of management people. The study uses primary and secondary data to do the analysis of the research where it has searched academic literature for the theories of performance appraisal, performance management, motivation and human resource management. Result has come out through the survey that current performance appraisal system has shown positive impression but still it needs some improvement such as proper practice and introduction of performance management. Chapter 1. Introduction Survival of the fittest once advocated by famous biologist Charles Darwin in his ‘Origin of Species (1859) transcended the boundary of biological world. Now this principle has become true in areas where competition determines ultimate fate. In the realm of organization, this principle operates in the name of productivity, profitability, efficiency, effectiveness and so on. Organization theorists during classical period emphasized on structural and technological perfection for survival and growth. Such mechanistic ideas of competitiveness started fading since 1930s onwards. The rise of behavioural and industrial humanism made way to ‘human capital to be considered central in the study of competitiveness. The measurement unit of contribution of human capital is termed as ‘Performance. Performance Appraisal (PA) as a technique of measuring competitiveness of organizations or institutions is not a modern phenomena. It has started from Han Dynasty in 206 BC-220 AD where they used to use merit exam for selection and promotion (Wren, 1994). But most probably PA system started in the industry from Robert Owens textile mills of the 1800s, where he used silent monitor system with the block of woods with different colours that he put in the work station of each employee. Everyone could see the performance with each other (Wren, 1994). This gave rise to an annual assessment which was recorded in a â€Å"book of character†. The assessments were subjective, which is one of the main criticisms still leveled at performance appraisal today. In the early part of the twentieth century Owens ideas were superseded by those of ‘scientific management, devised by F.W. Taylor and popularly associated with Henry Ford. This emphasised the use of quantitative methods to measure work performance (e.g., a fair days work and differential piece rate system), and led to the development of ‘work study techniques in the inter-war period. Though today, private sector has been credited as the perfectionist of performance management techniques, the modern psychometric approach to performance appraisal has been brought by the public sector (Torrington, Weightmen and John, 1989, p.66). Due to its monopolistic and legalistic nature, public sector performance appraisal practices could not reach that standard as reached by the private sector, which took appraisal as a response to market competition. The study is based on Opsonin Pharma Limited, a leading pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh. It was incorporated as a private company in 1976. It manufactures, and markets generic medicines for both human and animal use. Its value-added products improve the quality of life of both the people and animals in Bangladesh as well as abroad and help them enjoy longer, healthier, and more productive lives. Opsonin is known for long as a provider of regular and life saving medicines at affordable price. It has long been established and recognized as one of the most leading, progressive and modern pharmaceutical company in the country with the assurance of manufacturing quality products as the company is committed to contribute much to develop national health sector. 1.1 PURPOSE OF STUDY: Purpose of the study is to identify whether the management people who are working in the head office are convinced or not with performance appraisal system of the company. 1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES: 1.2.1 AIM: Aim for this research is to gather knowledge about performance appraisal system in Opsonin Pharma Ltd. and to get clear idea about performance appraisal system through literature review. 1.2.2 OBJECTIVES: To provide recommendation to Opsonin Pharma Ltd how they can improve their performance appraisal system. To examine how performance appraisal system works. To analyse how Opsonin Pharma motivate the employees through performance appraisal system. To make an overview of Opsonin Pharma Limited. To make an overview of Performance Appraisal System of Opsonin Pharma Limited. To determine the interrelation between Performance Appraisal System and other Human Resource aspects. To measure the level of employee development. To determine the impact of Performance Appraisal System for motivating the employees of Opsonin Pharma Limited. 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS: How effective is the performance appraisal system in Opsonin Pharma Ltd.? Do the management people think that current performance appraisal system works properly in the company? Does performance appraisal system motivate the employees at Opsonin Pharma Ltd.? Chapter 2. LITERATURE REVIEW The Performance Appraisal (PA) system is essential for maintaining high standard of human resource of any organization, both private and public sector. Performance appraisal is a part of working link that emphasizes for both bosses and subordinates their managerial responsibilities (Williams, 1972, p.8). A good performance appraisal should introduce in the company to know employees abilities and efforts to match organizational expectations. A good PA system can measure employees activities with reasonable accuracy and it can provide feedback to employees on their performance, and make a chance to employees to develop their weaknesses. There is a chance to make wrong personnel decisions which lead to affect organizations capacity without good performance appraisal systems. But ineffective appraisal system can bring many problems including frustration for good performers which will encourage them to leave the company, causing the organization to incur high recruitment costs (Chou, 2005 , p.42). This concern is addressed by ensuring that employees understand how their work contributes to the achievement of organizational goals, by ensuring that employees have the skills to make that contribution and, above all, by developing a climate of open discussion in which performance, achievements, and difficulties can be approached openly and supportively. A sound PA system, therefore, measures performance of employees not only to make some backwardly-linked like recruitment validity, motivation, morale, etc. and forwardly-linked like career growth, reward and sanction, employee development personnel decisions etc., but to integrate between organizational goals and personal goals of employees (Hyde, 1982, p.295). It is a really hard task for reflecting employee performance through performance appraisal system. Performance appraisal systems are not general idea that can be followed by all companies without any modification because it depends on employee and organizational characteristics and qualities (Henderson, 1984, p.54). At first glance performance appraisal appears as though it should be something relatively straightforward. Torrington, Weightman and Johns (1989, p.814) offer a working definition of appraisal as: â€Å"The process of judging a persons performance and reporting that judgment.† Alan Fowler has given very good definition about the objective of performance appraisal system. He suggested that: â€Å"Staff work best when they know what they have to do, how well they have to do it, and how well they are thought to have done, so they need to talk to their managers at least once a year about this, and their managers need to take their staffs view into account when setting work goals and deciding who needs what training.† (Fisher, 1995, p.12) Traditional performance appraisal is more of a control mechanism used to make the most of an employee. How an employee is contributing toward achievement of organizational goal is the main concern here? Based on contribution ratio of the employees, the management makes some personnel decisions such as promotion, salary increase, sanction, and training needs. This uni-dimensional concept goes more with the philosophy of personnel management. 2.1 Formal versus Informal Performance Appraisal: Formal performance appraisals usually occur at specified time periods once, twice or thrice a year. Formal performance appraisals are required by the organization or institution for the purpose of employee assessment. Informal performance appraisals can take place whenever the supervisor or manager feels communication is needed. 2.2 Purpose, Objectives Benefits of Performance Appraisal: 2.2.1 Purpose: The purpose of performance appraisal is to devlop the organizations performance throughout the improved performance of employees. 2.2.2 Objectives: Organization uses performance appraisal system to execute some objectives. The main objectives in using performance appraisal in an organization are as follows: Motivating and allocating rewards for employees Review past performance to rectifying the mistakes from management and employees (Fisher, 1995, p.11) Proper utilization of company resources. Identifying areas where training and improvement are required. Coaching and developing employees so that they can perform better to achieve the company goal. Identifying the area where developments programs need to be introduced. Giving employees feedback about their work so that they can be inspired. Improve communication between managers and subordinates. Identifying the base for pay, promotion etc.. (Yeates, 1990, p.36) 2.2.3 Benefits: The benefits of a successful appraisal system can be concluded as follows: For the organization: Improved performance all the time in the organization due to: Achieve organizations objectives and values it needs proper communication; Increase sense of group work and reliability; Establish better relationship between managers and staff; Managers have got the scope and power to use their leadership skills to motivate and improve their subordinates. Improve outline of the tasks completed by employees. Classification of thoughts for improvement. Prospect and long-term view of the company can be developed. Training and development requirements appeared more clearly. A culture of continuous progress and success can be formed and maintained. People who have got potential can be classified for career development plans to provide for future staff requirements. The message is passed to everyone that employees are valued properly. (Fisher, 1995, pp.15-16). For the appraiser: Performance appraisal is a chance to develop an overview of individual jobs and organizations. Classification of ideas for development. Improved job satisfaction. Increased sense of individual value. There is an opportunity for appraiser to associate team and individual objectives to fulfil departmental and organizational objectives. There is an opportunity to explain expectations of the contribution the manager expects from team and individuals. The opportunity to set up the targets. There is a chance to make productive relationship with subordinates based on common interest and understanding. (Fisher, 1995, p.16) For the appraisee : Boost them up to increase motivation. Enlarged their career through job satisfaction They realize that they are valued. When they will get feedback after performance appraisal then they get a clear idea of what is expected from them and what they have to do to meet expectations. Supervisors discuss with them to improve their lacking areas. They are offered for training and development for their improvement. When managers are creating scope for developing their subordinates career then it is ultimately developing relationship between them. (Fisher, 1995, pp.16-17) 2.3 What should be appraised? Managers should consider four things when they are going to do the performance appraisal. Inputs Appraisers will see how job holders have implemented their knowledge and skills to perform their job effectively. Process Job holders outcome will indicate the implementation of knowledge and skills for their activities. These are sometimes called to as competences. These illustrate the performance required of people to complete their job effectively. This kind of performance can make a difference between highly effective and less effective performers in a given role such as personal drive, analytical power, team management and leadership and ability to communicate. Outputs Measurable or observable results of the performer will be expressed by jobholders. Outcomes- Result will show the ultimate impact of the jobholders and their teams or departments and their overall activities to achieve the objectives of the organizations. (Fisher, 1995, p.25) 2.4 When appraisals should take place: Formal performance appraisal are usually held annually but some of the fast moving companies prefer to do it twice a year or even more frequently, it could be quarterly. Those who are working in projects under a consultancy firm, their performance evaluation could happen after each assignment but there would still be an overall review at the end of the year. Some of the organizations conduct progress meetings at specific time to review progress towards achiev ­ing objectives, work plans or projects. Some of them are doing two or three times a year, the main purpose of which is to review and update objectives. (Fisher, 1995, p.27) There are some reasons behind failure of appraisals. Reasons are as follows: Employees dont know about the time frame and what exactly they need to do in terms of good performance; Others fail because of problems with the measures used to actually appraise the performance; An easygoing supervisor might rate as high, for instance, subordinates who are actually substandard Other problems, like arguing and poor communication, undermine the interview feedback session. Storey and Sisson (1993) have suggested that performance appraisal system actually have three steps: objective setting, feedback, and evaluation. The first step of an appraisal system is to give the guidance to the employee on how to apply their efforts for the benefit of the organization. The second step is to ensure employees work toward the achievement of their objectives through a process of positive communication with their supervisor. The final step involves the supervisor making an appraisal of the employees performance over the entire assessment cycle. (Brown Benson, 2005, p.101) 2.5 Popular Appraisal Methods: Managers usually conduct the appraisal using a predetermined and formal method one or more of the followings: 2.5.1 Graphic rating scale (GRS): The Graphic Rating Scale is the simplest and most popular technique for appraising performance. GRS measures personality traits and performance along with a point continuum scale or anchored scale. It lists traits such as quality and reliability and a range of performance values from unsatisfactory to outstanding for each trait. The manager or supervisor rates each subordinate by circling or checking the score that best describes his or her performance for each trait. In the end of marking manager or supervisor do the totals of the assigned values for the traits. (Dessler, 1999, p.156) The rater is given wide freedom in choosing a point, which is a threat to reliability and workability. 2.5.2 Alternation Ranking Method: Positioning employees from best to worst on a trait or traits is another appraisal option. Since it is usually easier to distinguish between the worst and best employees, an alternation ranking method is most popular. First, list all subordinates to be rated, and then cross out the names of any not known well enough to rank. Then, indicate the employee who is the highest on the characteristic being measured and also the one who is the lowest. Then choose the next highest and the next lowest, alternating between highest and lowest until all employees have been ranked. (Dessler, 1999, p.158) 2.5.3 Paired Comparison Method: The paired comparison method helps make the ranking method more precise. For every trait such as quantity of work, quality of work, and so on will be considered for appraisal for instant, top performer of quantity of work and top performer of quality of work will be pared. (Dessler, 1999, PP. 158-159) 2.5.4 Forced Choice Method (FCM): FCM intends to mitigate reliability problem of GRS by making scaling unknown to the rater. Here, the rater is served with some statements about a particular trait or performance factor. The rater is to choose a statement that best describes the employee. The rating is done by someone else. This is unworkable in larger organization. Both the rater and the ratee feel uncomfortable with FCM (Anderson, 1993, p.24) 2.5.5 Forced Distribution Method (FDM): The forced distribution method is similar to grading on a curve. With this method, manager places predetermined percentages of ratees into performance categories. FDM is a GRS or BARS scaling with a population distribution requirement. Usually it requires a normal distribution i.e. the lowest and the highest grade contain 10% of population each. The remaining 80% is distributed among others with highest distribution reserved for the mid-grade. FDM intends to minimize overrating. Yet it carries high probability of inequality in case of heterogeneous population. (Dessler, 1999, p.159) 2.5.6 Critical Incident Method: With this method, the supervisor keeps a log of positive and negative example (critical incidents) of a subordinates work-related behaviour. Every six months or so, supervisor and subordinate meet to discuss the latters performance, using the incidents as examples. There are several advantages of this method of which are as follows: It provides actual examples of good and poor performance the supervisor can use to explain the persons rating. It ensures that the manager or supervisor thinks about the subordinates appraisal all during the year. The rating does not just reflect the employees most recent performance. The list hopefully provides examples of what specifically the subordinate can do to eliminate any deficiencies. However, without some numerical rating, this method is not too useful for comparing employees or making salary decisions. (Baird, Beatty Schneier, 1982, pp.45-46) 2.5.7 Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS): A behaviourally anchored rating scale combines the benefits of narratives, critical incidents, and quantified scales, by anchoring a rating scale with specific examples of behavioural activities for good or bad performance. Its supporters say it gives more equitable appraisal than do the other tools we discussed. Although BARS scales still present performance on a continuum; they provide specific behavioral anchors to help clarify the meaning of the performance dimensions and help calibrate the raters definitions of what constitutes good and poor performance. Some supporters of behaviorally focused scales also claimed that they would remove unnecessary subjectivity (Latham Wexley, 1977). BARS is judged from a set of scales- one scale describes each job dimension, or broad types of duties, responsibilities, or activities of a job. Placed on a scale are a set of statements clarifying of worker behaviour on the particular job dimension. (Baird, Beatty Schneier, 1982, p.61). Rating dimension would vary according to the nature of the job- between six and nine seems quite common. For example one British study identified seven: Supervision of operators, scheduling and planning, technical troubleshooting, handling men, communications, administrative problems of wiring wire and dealing with other departments. BARC system has got substantial advantage it has some draw back as well such as time consuming and expensive. Some of them have identified ten dimension of performance. They are interpersonal relationships, organizing and planning, reactions to problems, reliability, communicating, adaptability, growth, productivity, quality of work and teaching. (Fletcher Williams, 1985, pp. 42-44) 2.5.8 Computerised and web-based performance appraisal: Many people who have got the charged for performance appraisal for their subordinates may not be able to do so particularly newly appointed supervisors. As they will take over new responsibilities so they may not be efficient in expressing themselves in writing about employee performance. Eventhough some of them have got the strength to do perfectly but still they may need some format for developing effective, useful employee performance appraisals. Computer software programs are making the performance appraisal system easier from many aspects such as writing a difficult employee performance appraisal. Management software that is commonly called MBA-ware, offers expert guidance in management issues that would cover from creating a business plan to writing employee policy manuals (Sprout, 1995). Some managers are looking for a develop technology to solve the problems that they are facing during performance appraisal. Current computer software programs allow the managers to make performance appraisal documents that are in complete format, professional in appearance, and easy to use in the performance appraisal system. Additionally, this software programs provide classification of job performances that will be counted for appraising and offer various pre-written descriptions of behaviors for each criteria. There are three leading programs for employee evaluation software that are Review Writer 1.0, Performance Now! 2.03, and Employee Appraiser 2.0 (Stewart, 1994; Robinson, 1994). There are some similar software programs in the market but it do not do the evaluation process that way the other three software work (D.W. Pratt, personal communication, July 24, 1996). These three leading software programs work step-by-step to evaluate employees performance. Managers input the employees information into the system, mark the job description and/or categories to be used, choose the correct written evaluations, and print it. (Spinks, Wells Meche, 1999, p.94) 2.5.9 Mixed Standard Scales: These scales are made to make the evaluation system reliable through confirming each individual rates, each scales rate and each rater rates and to minimize halo and leniency errors (Blanz Ghiselli, 1972). The idea of mixed standard scale has come from the logic of forced choice method. Halo and leniency errors could reduce if ratings are not made on a scale where statements come in an obvious order of merit hierarchy. Practical findings provide support to these hypotheses (Saal Landy, 1977). This scale is choosing three items for each performance dimension which are good, average and poor. 2.5.10 Management By Objectives (MBO) More than half of the organizations regularly used performance appraisals in the beginning of 1950s, compared with only 15 per cent immediately after World War II (Spriegel, 1962). They had ordinary, numerical system which was trait rating system. This system focuses on past actions to appraise people on the basis of a previously established set of dimensions (DeVries et al., 1981). Lots of employees who were being apprised by the manager were not happy due to the way of performance measuring system. Trait rating system did not develop the employees performance rather than there was clear indication for being sacked for low performers (Van Riper, 1958). It is mentionable that this rating system gave chance to managers to play the role of judge instead of employee development for achieving both the employees and the organizations goals (McGregor, 1957). Out come of the performance appraisal system was conflicting with present roles of managers and the achievement of organizational goa l thats why new thought was introduced after World War II to update performance appraisal systems (DeVries et al., 1981). Due to the limitations of performance appraisal systems in the 1950s which led to the development of new systems based on management by objectives (MBO) In theory, at least, Management by Objectives provided a clear and unambiguous framework for specifying and measuring employee performance. Labovitz and Baird have given some ideas about MBO that is: â€Å"MBO approach to managing people is a process of continually structuring expectations through mutual goal setting with subordinates, establishing action plans and target dates, reaching objectives and providing feedback. This is a way of managing subordinates that permits them to meet their personal needs for responsibility, freedom of action and recognition. At the same time the MBO approach provides a supervisor with an element of control, and change his or her role from police officer to colleague or coach.† (Baird, Beatty Schneier, 1982, pp.51-52). MBO is introduced in the management for improving performance, reducing role vagueness and redirecting effort to important organizational target. MBO system could be fit and work with any types of organization for planning process, a control technique and a form of individual performance appraisal. (Baird, Beatty Schneier, 1982, p.57). MBO has many positive sides but it has some limitations that we need to consider. The main issue that a company should consider first to implement MBO is the high level of management commitment and time frame to reorient the thinking of employees (Patten, 1977). Communication is the key to get a good out come and to prevent the complexity of the system from primary excitement that will lead into confusion and disillusionment, bring the result to an end with disinterest and failure. The purpose for the new system needs to be clearly recognized also, because while MBO is a useful tool for performance planning and feedback, it is not easily used for administrative decisions (DeVries et al., 1981). A high standard of job assessment and implication skills are needed to determine which performance dimensions to measure and the goal achievement standards to use. Primarily, the goals and objectives which are set likely to be easily quantified, easily achieved and not necessarily central to the job (Murphy Cleveland, 1995). Levinson (1970) found out an inclination for objective-setting measures such as sales dollars or number of units produced result in a lack of attention for less calculative aspects of job performance such as customer service and quality work. As a result this method will be ineffective if objectives are activity focused instead of output centered. There is also an inclination for managers to overlook the factors which are out of employees control, but which frequently affect goal fulfillment, leaving the employee responsible for goal completion inspite of external influences (Goodale, 1977). Managerial jobs are frequently measured in terms of unit, rather than i ndividual, an objective, which requires that individuals be held accountable for outcomes requiring interdependent employee efforts (Levinson, 1970; Schneier Beatty, 1978). These are some common errors associated with MBO (Kleber, 1972), but they help to illustrate the complexity of this performance appraisal method. Longenecker (1989) points to the common assumption that appraisals are often ‘political in nature, that their mechanisms for justifying decisions which have already been taken and disregard individual merit. This is particularly the case when performance related pay (PRP) is involved. As a student of International Human Resource Management, researcher wants to discuss about international perspective of performance appraisal system. Hofstede (1980) found that national culture is a factor to vary on value dimension between managers and employees. One of the value dimensions is individualism against collectivism. Individualism is such a thing where people show their action according to their individual preferences whereas collectivism is such a thing where people behaving as a member of a group. We can see the individualistic culture in western part and collective culture in eastern part of the world. (Taormina Gao, 2009, p.103) The inception of Human Resource Management (HRM) made the Human Capital as the most important strategic resource of an organization and thereby linked it with strategic vision, mission, values, and other processes of organization. Performance Management (PM) thus replaced traditional PA under HRM philosophy. Here, both the organization and employees are of equal concern. Performance management is seen by Armstrong and Baron (1998, p.37) as: â€Å"a means of aligning organizational and individual objectives to achieve organizational effectiveness.† Mohrman and Mohrman define PM as: â€Å"The practices through which work is defined and reviewed; through which capabilities are developed and through which rewards are distributed in an organization. Performance management may involve goal setting, employee selection and placement, compensation, performance appraisal, training and development and career management† (Mohrman and Mohrman, 1995, p.2). From above two definitions we can draw following generic features of PM: It integrates between individual and organizational goals and thereby creates a sense of belongingness in the employees; It views performance as a function of organizational environment i.e. culture, climate, flow of resource, critical external environmental factors, etc; It contributes towards a climate of open discussion between management and workers about all organizational aspects. It enables employees to identify their weaknesses as well as strengths and motivates them for superior performance. 2.6 Motivation and Performance Management: Motivation has multiplier effect on performance. A sound and legitimate appraisal system is a precondition of having a highly motivated workforce. Conversely, a flawed system might demotivate and demoralize the employees in a way that appraisal becomes a ritual and sometimes counterproductive. Milkovich Wigdor (1991, p.34) identify two essential functions of PM linking to motivation: a) it provides the basis for individuals to form beliefs about causal connections between their performance and pay; b) it indicates degree of association between individuals effort and performance. 2.7 Selection of

Essay on Macbeth and its Unbelievable Lady :: GCSE Coursework Macbeth Essays

Macbeth and its Unbelievable Lady      Ã‚   In William Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth which character is more imaginatively created than that of Lady Macbeth? Can a lady actually think in this manner without being called insane. We examine the various dimensions of her character in this paper.    L.C. Knights in the essay "Macbeth" describes the unnaturalness of Lady Macbeth's words and actions:    Thus the sense of the unnaturalness of evil is evoked not only be repeated explicit references ("nature's mischief," "nature seems dead," " 'Tis unnatural, even like the deed that's done," and so on) but by the expression of unnatural sentiments and an unnatural violence of tone in such things as Lady Macbeth's invocation of the "spirits" who will "unsex" her, and her affirmation that she would murder the babe at her breast if she had sworn to do it. (95)    Samuel Johnson in The Plays of Shakespeare underscores how ambition by the protagonists leads to detestation on the part of the readers:    The danger of ambition is well described; and I know not whether it may not be said in defence of some parts which now seem improbable, that, in Shakespeare's time, it was necessary to warn credulity against vain and illusive predictions. The passions are directed to their true end. Lady Macbeth is merely detested; and though the courage of Macbeth preserves some esteem, yet every reader rejoices at his fall. (133)    In "Memoranda: Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth," Sarah Siddons comments on the Lady's cold manner:    [Macbeth] announces the King's approach; and she, insensible it should seem to all the perils which he has encountered in battle, and to all the happiness of his safe return to her, -- for not one kind word of greeting or congratulations does she offer, -- is so entirely swallowed up by the horrible design, which has probably been suggested to her by his letters, as to have forgotten both the one and the other. (56)    In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson describes the role of Lady Macbeth:    Professor Kittredge used to point out to his classes that Lady Macbeth, in urging Macbeth to act, uses the three arguments that every wife, some time or other, uses to every husband: "You promised me you'd do it!" "You'd do it if you loved me!" "If I were a man, I'd do it myself!" But Macbeth's mind is made up by her assurance that they may do it safely by fixing the guilt upon Duncan's chamberlains.

Nothing is Here Essay

Complete the Timeline of Early 20th Century American Literature by adding ONE literary title (short story, novel, or poem) and ONE influential event for that literary title for each of the decades listed. You will also need to explain how the two pieces are connected. You should be able to complete this as you read through the lesson, filling in events on your timeline, however you may also use outside sources if you would like. You should have a total of eight events on your timeline before submitting it to your instructor. Timeline of Early 20th Century American Literature 1900- (Novel/Poem) Ezra Pound lived outside the United States after 1908. He had, nevertheless, a profound influence on 20th-century writing in English, both as a practitioner of verse and as a patron and impresario of other writers 1910- (Poem) Frost memorably crafted the language of common speech into traditional poetic form, with epigrammatic effect. Poetry: A Magazine of Verse, founded by Harriet Monroe in Chicago in 1912 1920- (Poem) Eliot lived abroad most of his life, becoming a British subject in 1927 In 1922 appeared The Waste Land, the poem by which he first became famous. 1930- (Novel) The Cantos, the first installment of which appeared in 1926 and the latest in 1959 Their all connected by the mer fact all of these great  writers devoted time and money into such projects, even if  some wrote novels or poems they still wrote profoundly  excelling pieces in the writing industry.

Oswald Mosley Was A Man And The Emotional Aftermath Of The...

Oswald Mosley was a man â€Å"intellectually and temperamentally a product of his aristocratic upbringing and the emotional aftermath of the First World War† (Beadle 328). During this time period, he influenced his surroundings with distinct political views and actions throughout Britain. Oswald Mosley influenced his time being a Member of Parliament however discounted many opportunities for action blinded by the search of personal power. This blindness led to a fascist approach towards government with views of leadership, resembling control and courage, and actions facing the problems of the new modern world. The upbringing of Oswald Mosley, born 16 November 1896, started with his aristocratic family. The family had attempts to campaign against nineteenth century laissez-faire capitalism however, never achieved mass support from their peers. His parents separated and Mosley developed under his mother and grandmother. He excelled in many fields leading some to envy in his success. Oswald Mosley married Lady Cynthia Curzon, also known as Cimmie, on 11 May 1920. The wedding was one of the largest social events of the year. Cimmie encouraged Mosley’s determination, however the toll of leaving her out on his own endeavors was an immense burden. These burdens including affairs, a mistress, Diana Guinness, who he had become fond of, all while reaching no conclusion to leave Cimmie. At this point he was well traveled, acquiring diverse perceptions to leadership and the correlation to