Thursday, August 27, 2020

A Complete Guide to College Graduation Announcements

A Complete Guide to College Graduation Announcements School graduation declarations can appear to be so simpleâ but likewise be so muddled. What's more, obviously, while youre attempting to make sense of the intricate details of the declarations, you despite everything need to concentrate on completing your classes and getting ready for life after school. Utilize this manual for help you through the arranging, sorting out, and sending of graduation declarations. The Logistics Organizing the coordinations behind declarations can be a genuine agony in the mind. With a little assistance, be that as it may, it can likewise be dealt with a couple of fast advances. The Why: 8 Reasons to Send Graduation AnnouncementsThe Who: To Whom Should I Send My Graduation Announcements?The Where and How: Where to Get Graduation AnnouncementsThe When: When to Mail Your Graduation Announcements The What: The Announcements Themselves Wording declarations can appear to be so natural. That is,â of course, until you really plunk down and attempt to think of them. To kick you off, underneath are an assortment of declaration styles you can utilize or change a piece to make your own, customized graduation declaration. Regardless of which kind of declaration you send, the accompanying data is imperative: Your nameThe school or universityThe degree you earned (e.g., B.A. in Political Science)The initiation service (or gathering) date and timeThe area of the function or gathering Do you truly need to welcome individuals? In contrast to secondary school graduation, not every person will go to the initiation service or anticipate a gathering. It is basic for school graduates to avoid the date and area data and utilize their declarations as, simply that, a declaration of your accomplishment. Declarations with Formal, Traditional Language Generally, a school graduation declaration utilizes formal language, for example, The President, Faculty, and Graduating Class... in the initial lines before giving the subtleties in similarly formal terms. Illuminating the dates and maintaining a strategic distance from truncations for degrees are only a portion of the highlights youll find in formal declarations. In the event that you might want to stay with custom, here are two guides to investigate: Formal Announcement Sample #1Formal Announcement Sample #2 Easygoing and Informal Announcements Possibly youre to a greater degree an easygoing alumni who needs to drop all convention and appreciate the festival. Assuming this is the case, there are unlimited approaches to start your declaration and you can have a ton of fun as you like. Here are a couple of models and dont neglect to incorporate the subtleties. Instruction, Dedication, Jubilation, Graduation!Call the neighbors around, Raise a glass of Chablis,[Tasha] has earned [her] school degree![Shes] Graduating! Declarations Mentioning Family or Friends One more way to deal with the declaration is to incorporate the help of your loved ones. This is a decent route for the individuals who care about you most and helped you through school to recognize how pleased they are of you. Companions/Family Announcement Sample #1Friends/Family Announcement Sample #2 Declarations with a Religious Theme Regardless of whether you are moving on from a religious school or essentially want to recognize how your confidence helped you in this extraordinary accomplishment, including a rousing stanza is a good thought. It likewise doesnt matter which religion you follow, theres motivation in every one of them. Search for a stanza or engraving that relates to learning and information and statement this at the highest point of your declaration. Once more, dont overlook the subtleties! Religious Announcement Sample

Friday, August 21, 2020

MindMeister Wins Best User Centered Design Award - Focus

MindMeister Wins Best User Centered Design Award - Focus Were rather proud to announce that MindMeister just won its first award the Best User Centered Design Company of the Year 2007 award by Hasso Plattner Ventures! For those of you who dont know him, Hasso is one of the founders of SAP. He was also there when we received the prize last week in Berlin, at the annual Forum on Entrepreneurship (which incidentally carried the theme Design IT this year). The jury seemed to think that MindMeister had an outstandingly intuitive and accessible user interface combined with a well thought-out feature set (we agree completely ;-)), which is why they selected MindMeister from a shortlist of 15 or so nominated tools. Not bad, eh? Get Started with Mind Mapping Try MindMeister MindMeister Wins Best User Centered Design Award - Focus Were rather proud to announce that MindMeister just won its first award the Best User Centered Design Company of the Year 2007 award by Hasso Plattner Ventures! For those of you who dont know him, Hasso is one of the founders of SAP. He was also there when we received the prize last week in Berlin, at the annual Forum on Entrepreneurship (which incidentally carried the theme Design IT this year). The jury seemed to think that MindMeister had an outstandingly intuitive and accessible user interface combined with a well thought-out feature set (we agree completely ;-)), which is why they selected MindMeister from a shortlist of 15 or so nominated tools. Not bad, eh? Get Started with Mind Mapping Try MindMeister

Monday, May 25, 2020

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Depressive Disorder

Abstract Bipolar Depressive Disorder is a mental disorder referred to as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). It is ranked the sixth leading cause of disability in the world by the World Health organization (Lopez, 2006). It is a brain-related disease that affects millions of people every year. This essay provides the condition’s description, incidence and prevalence, common characteristics, signs and symptoms, cellular and systemic changes, causative factors, diagnosis criteria, and treatment. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC, 2016), bipolar disorder causes different variations in a person’s ability to function, their mood, as well as their energy. It affects people in social aspects that not only produce damaging results to†¦show more content†¦It causes one to no longer derive pleasure in the activities that used to bring joy. Symptoms are not obvious as they are usually mistaken for normal emotional levels. Without treatment, the disorder can worsen (Stein, Kupfer Schatzberg, 2005). The Incidence and Prevalence in the United States and Other Parts of the World Close to 3% of people globally have become victims to this major depressive disorder (Lopez, 2006). The lifetime rate of people diagnosed with this disorder varies in different parts of the world. India was found to have the lowest rate at 0.1% while the U.S. leads with a high of 4.4%. Its prevalence among the adults in the U.S. also comprises of 2.6% of the adult population (CDC 2016). In addition, more than 80% of the bipolar disorder cases have been classified as severe. Out of these, only 49% have been reported to be receiving treatment. It is estimated to be the most expensive diagnosis in terms of behavioral health care (Lopez, 2006). Among the high-income countries, the Unites States ranked highest in terms of the percent of population suffering from the disorder. The Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, reports that 3 million Americans 18 years and above suffer from bipolar disorder (Lopez, 2006). A nationwide survey reported that 6.7% of the adult population has had a bipolar period within the past twelve months. These rates

Thursday, May 14, 2020

Parenting Styles And Their Influence On Children - 995 Words

Parenting Styles Today, being a parent is obviously challenging in several different directions. Every parent has different opinions on how they believe they should parent and punish their children. Parenting styles can be described as the way in which a family is structured. There are four major parenting styles that are all used today. The four styles include authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved parenting. Each one of these styles have their advantages and disadvantages. Even though every parent wants nothing but the best for their children, they each have very diverse parenting styles. The way in which parents go about parenting them is very important in the children’s future (Hibbard and Walton). Some of the parenting styles seem to have a more negative outcome than others. Two of the most dissimilar parenting styles would be the authoritarian and uninvolved parenting. Both of these have very unlike aspects that appear to affect children differently. Fi rst of all, authoritarian parenting style is best known as the strict parenting style. Parents are extremely strict on their rules and regulations. They do not allow their children to do anything that is not approved and notified by the parents. Authoritarian parents rely more disciplining their children to keep them well-behaved and good manners. They encourage their adolescent to be independent while maintaining limits and controls on their actions (Kopko). These parents expect their children toShow MoreRelatedParenting Styles And Their Influence On Children798 Words   |  4 PagesParenting styles have a direct correlation to how a parent interacts with their child and how their child interacts with them. Diana Baumrind was a developmental psychologist that came up with four basic parenting styles that influence how children behave throughout their life (Kopko,2007). The parenting styles consist of authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and uninvolved. An authoritarian style is characterized when a parent barely shows warmth to their child and has desires to control theirRead MoreParenting Styles And Their Influence On Children951 Words   |  4 Pages In this day in age there are various approaches to raising children. Each parent(s) must decide for them selves which style best fits their beliefs and abilities. Many parents come to the conclusion that they will try their best and just hope that their children learn right from wrong and the abilities they need to succeed in life. However, what most parents do not always realize is that the style of parenting they are using may have a bigger impact on their child than they are aware of. For theRead MoreParenting Styles And Their Influence On Children1264 Words   |  6 Pageschild or children does not mean you have the fundamentals of being a good parent. Raising children you should be ready to teach, construct develop have conformity in the home and nature skills into your child so they are ready for society and the world in their near future. When parenting a child there are serval ways to raise children. Many parents prefer different methods over others. Some parenting styles are use more than others and are much favorable than others. Different parenting styles bringRead MoreParenting Styles And Their Influences On Our Children Essay2140 Words   |  9 PagesParenting Styles and Their Influences on Our Children The Community College of Philadelphia By: Maria Maldonado November 22nd, 2016â€Æ' The Introduction Thesis- It is my belief that in order to provide a framework of parenting that would allow for the best probable outcome for a child’s development it is important to take a stance in which we provide reasonable demands from our children while providing equal responsiveness to their needs. Majority of us are born with two arms, two legs, a head andRead MoreAttachment Theory and Parenting Style Influence on Children Essay1185 Words   |  5 PagesHow the child is raised and the parenting style used is a significant influence on that development by affecting the relationship between parent and child. This supports the Attachment theory in which emphasizes relationship between the child and caregiver as a key factor in development. My Caregiver’s Parenting Style My parents, my father specifically, believed that children should obey their elders without question and without hesitation. This outlook on parenting stems from their cultural backgroundRead MoreHow Parenting Styles Influence Children s Learning And Development1976 Words   |  8 PagesAs we have discovered, children are active learners from birth and parents are seen as children’s first educators. â€Å"Children of all ages need encouragement, adequate nutrition, shelter, parental interest in their schooling, and consistency in rules and expectations† (Barnes, 2006; Mental Health America, 2009, in Lamanna, Reidmann and Stewart, 2014:230) this should be in correspondence to the child’s age or development level. This chapter is going to explore theory from Baumrind to discover how differentRead MoreConsequences to Authoritarian Parenting 868 Words   |  4 Pagesadolescence offers the prospect to influence the child regularly. Parenting styles figures in as a prime part of a child’s mental health and behaviour. Parenting refers to the parent’s actions and reactions to their child, including expectations, beliefs and values. Diana Baumrind (1971, 1991), psychologist, based parenting on two aspects including control and warmth. Baumrind used the combination of these aspects in different ways to identify the four styles of parenting used today, consisted of, authoritativeRead MoreDevelopment Of Infancy And Early Childhood1385 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment that occur during this time set the stage upon which further and more specific aspects of development will occur. There are many different external and internal components which influence and guide development during this time. These components include the individual’s family, including more specific parenting styles, as well as early education and the individual’s social environment. Each of these various aspects of development plays a critical and widespre ad role in these initial stages of developmentRead MoreEssay on Infancy and Early Childhood Development1654 Words   |  7 Pagesinteraction. Development begins during the prenatal period on up to the early years and depends on the nutritional, medical, emotional, and intellectual support of parents, family members, caregivers, and teachers (Cherry, 2011). Parenting styles also play a role in what influences development as well as early childhood education programs. During the prenatal period when a child’s development begins, thus being aware of many factors that can damage the fetus and the development of a healthy child. InRead MoreThe Fbi Behavior Analysis Unit1443 Words   |  6 PagesKarley Pecosky Psychology Parenting Styles The FBI Behavior Analysis Unit can profile a person down to the type of household they grew up in. Behavior as an adult, especially of a psychopath, is usually in correlation to a traumatic event of their childhood, usually involving their parents. The FBI has the ability to analyze all the behaviors of a person and tell you what kind of car they are mostly likely to drive, what profession they are most likely involved in, and in most cases, links to

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Pro Legalization of Prostitution Essay - 1151 Words

Pro Legalization of Prostitution The world’s largest trade, prostitution, has always found ways to overcome the legal attempts to suppress it. Prostitution has become one of the most common trades throughout the world. Many poor countries have turned to prostitution as an outlet from their economic difficulties. It is the easiest from of labor for those who do not have a proper education or the economic background to join the legal labor force. Many men and women have found this line of work to be extremely rewarding in monetary aspects. Therefore the globalisation and popularity of prostitution is not seen as a huge surprise. Prostitution has been on the streets and behind doors since the sixteenth†¦show more content†¦The Victorians tolerated prostitution, but never accepted it as part of their society. By the mid-nineteenth century, prostitution became more open and accepted. Men of all social classes went to brothels and engaged in sexual activities with street prostitutes. The government became lenient in their resistant to strengthening the laws against prostitutes. Regulation or systematic toleration was put into place as a result of the changing attitudes towards prostitution. The government realized that prostitution could never completely disappear, so it was tolerated and regulated simultaneously. Street prostitution is the largest group of prostitution today. It is the easiest to join because there are not many necessities or requirements involved. Three major groups of street prostitution exist. Professionals who work full time for a living, the ones who work to feed a habit, and the part-time workers who work to support their family The professionals join this line of work through their own volition and make a long life career out of it. Many of them are sex crazed and therefore choose to become prostitutes. The prostitutes that work to feed a habit, usually work to get money for drugs and alcohol. Intravenous drugs has become linked with prostitution in the past few years. The criminalization of prostitution has forced it into the streets where drugs and alcohol are abundantly present. TheShow MoreRelatedProstitution: Should A Change Be Made? Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesProstitution: Should A Change Be Made? Prostitution is often called the world’s oldest profession. By definition, it is â€Å"the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.† It has been around since the first civilizations of Mesopotamia and isn’t going anywhere. Prostitution is also one of the most controversial topics in todays modern society. There is a wide variety of different pros and cons related to this subject. With these pros and cons come supporters andRead MoreWhat is Prostitution?1838 Words   |  7 Pages According to the 2014 Merriam-Webster dictionary, prostitution is defined as â€Å"the act of having sex in exchange for money† (â€Å"Prostitution†). In the United States, the trafficking of sex sales has been illegal since the early 1900’s, with the exception of the 49th state, Alaska (Head). The trade was deemed unethical by the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, also credited with the ban of drug use and the elimina tion of alcohol in the 1920’s. Today, in all but two states, the buying and selling ofRead MoreEssay on Legalization of Prostitution1607 Words   |  7 PagesThough illegal in the United States, prostitution is still a strongly prevalent crime happening all across the nation. Currently, a person participating in the crime of prostitution will be charged with a misdemeanor (Liberator 2). People every single day are being charged with a misdemeanor for this specific crime. Statistically, it may even seem like this crime is being caught more often than other, more extreme crimes. Prostitution is a strongly enforced crime that costs America large sums ofRead MoreThe Legalization Of The Prostitution1040 Words   |  5 Pages Prostitution has long been called the world’s most ancient profession. Many records proof that people used sex selling as a sort of payoff. Whenever the settlers were running around killing the natives, they were also enjoying the pleasures of regional prostitutes. Appolodprus, a Greek philosopher and historian declared For we have courtesans for pleasure, and concubines for the daily service of our bodies, and wives for the production of legitimate offspring and to have a reliable guardianRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1150 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the chance to pick an arguable topic arose I chose one that has been particularly sensitive within my own group of friends. The question is: Should prostitution be legal? My question is: Why shouldn’t it? By all means I respect the opinion that having sex for money is completely illegal in most states but what about stripping? Stripping is completely legal and paid for lap dances aren’t the only advancemen t allowed. Strippers are allowed to receive payment to have sexual encounters within theRead MoreProstitution And Its Effect On Public Health Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is defined as â€Å"the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.† It is commonly referred to in the media and among society as the â€Å"oldest profession in the book†. This is easily explained by the ancient references that are present in religious tales of the Old Testament in the bible to modern day â€Å"red light districts† across the United States. Prostitution and its legality have always stirred up a mixture of emotions across countries, cultures andRead MoreProstitution in America1528 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In the United States prostitution for the most part is illegal. Around the world though is practically the opposite. Why is prostitution so unacceptable in the US? The US is one of the few countries in the world where prostitution is illegal. When I say for the most part I mean that in some counties in Nevada prostitution is legal. Downfalls of Legal Prostitution Prostitution is legal (with some restrictions) in Canada, most all of Europe including England, France, WalesRead MoreProstitution Essay1724 Words   |  7 Pages Prostitution has been a part of our worlds culture since the beginning of time, and is the worlds oldest profession. Ever since the beginning of time man has felt the need to pay for services of a sexual nature, whether are legal or not. In our culture; however, prostitution has become a topic of debate concerning the merits of this professions legality. In viewing the legalization of prostitution one must take into account all the pros and cons of the situation, but more importantly what isRead MoreThe Legal And Social Implications Of Prostitution1039 Words   |  5 PagesThe legal and social implications of prostitution have been a topic of much concern over the past few decades. Although the issue has been heavily debated, a proper answer to its legalization or criminalization has not yet been defined in many cou ntries throughout the world. While some view that â€Å"sex work† is a justifiable occupation that should be protected under human rights, others argue that it’s legalization would do more harm than good. According to the Health and Human Rights Journal (2014)Read MorePro-Prostitution (The Advantages of Prostitution)1469 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is the act or practice of engaging in sexual activities in the exchange of money (Dictionary.com). Prostitution is believed by many to be the world?s oldest profession with its roots tracing back to ancient times (Otchet). It is a common belief that prostitutes are only women, but the truth is that prostitutes are predominantly of the female gender. In today?s modern society prostitutes are frowned upon by society because they see it as being on the same category as drug addiction and

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Patterns in Nature Summary free essay sample

Organisms are made of cells that have similar structural characteristics * Outline the historical development of the cell theory, in particular the contributions of Robert Hooke and Robert Brown Robert Hooke was the first person to observe a cell through a compound microscope in 1665. Franscesco Redi used a microscope to observe that flies do not spontaneously appear but develop from eggs laid by other flies. Many years later, Robert Brown observed a large body in both animal and plant cells that he named the nucleus. M. Schleiden and T. Schwann came up with the first two points of cell theory; 1. Cells are the smallest units of life and 2. All living things consist of one or more organised structures called cells. Rudolf Virchow later added the third point to the cell theory; 3. All living things arise from pre-existing cells. * Describe evidence to supports the cell theory * Discuss the significance of technological advances to developments in the cell theory Identify cell organelles seen with current light and electron microscopes In light microscopes the organelles that could be seen were cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus, chloroplast, water vacuole and cell membrane. * Describe the relationship between the structure of cell organelles and their function 2. Membranes around cells provide separation from and links with the external environment * Identify the major groups of substances found in living cells and their uses in cell activities The major group of substances found in living cells are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are used as nutrients for cells, cellular respiration, provide energy for the body to function and live off, give structure to cell walls and store glucose. Lipids are a structural component of cell membrane and modulator of cell activity. Proteins regulate the immune system and signal pathways. Nucleic acids are used for the growth repair and reproduction of cells and are also used in DNA and RNA. * Identify that there is movement of molecules into and out of cells Passive transport is the movement of molecules across the cell that doesn’t require expenditure of energy. Active transport on the other hand is the movement of molecules across cell membranes requiring energy and proteins that act as carriers * Describe the current model of membrane structure and explain how it accounts for the movement of some substances into and out of cells The cell membrane is mainly composed of integral proteins and lipid bilayer. The phospholipids form a bilayer with the hydrophilic head facing outwards and the hydrophobic tails facing inwards. This model for the cell membrane is called the fluid mosaic model. The fluid mosaic model demonstrates the semi permeable nature of membrane. Polar molecules have trouble passing though non-polar parts of the membrane but can easily pass through the polar parts of the membrane, therefore to move through the membrane they require protein channels to provide a path through it. Water molecules pass through pores in the lipid and protein channels allow certain substances pass through the membrane; once the molecule enters the protein channel; the protein undergoes a conformational change so that the molecule can pass through. Compare the processes of diffusion and osmosis Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration whereas osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; they both use passive transport * Explain how the surface area to volume ratio affects the rate of movement of substances into and out of ce lls All nutrients and gases needed by a cell have to pass across the cell membrane as do all waste materials when leaving the cell. The requirements of a cell can quickly outstrip the rate at which the membrane can let material cross. As a cell increases in size, it would require greater amounts of nutrients and would have to excrete more waste, the surface area would increase but at a much slower rate. 3. Plants and animals have specialised structures to obtain nutrients from their environment * Identify some examples that demonstrate the structural and functional relationships between cells, tissues, organs and organ systems in multicellular organisms * Cells gt; Tissues gt; Organ gt; System gt; Organism * E. g. Muscle cell gt; Muscle Tissue gt; Stomach gt; Digestive system gt; Human * Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs in terms of nutrient requirements * Plant cells are autotrophic and obtain energy through photosynthesis * Animal cells are heterotrophic and obtain energy through consuming other organisms * Identify the materials required for photosynthesis and its role in ecosystems * Carbon dioxide, water, energy from sunlight, chlorophyll * Photosynthesis occurs only when plants can obtain carbon dioxide, water and light from their external environment, products produced are glucose and oxygen. All living things depend on photosynthesis. Photosynthesis enables green plants to obtain energy directly; plants and animals obtain this energy indirectly from the food they eat. * Identify the general word equation for photosynthesis and outline this as a summary of a chain of biochemical reactions * Carbon dioxide + water light energy gt; glucose + oxygen Explain the relationship between the organisation of the structures used to obtain water and minerals in a range of plants and the need to increase the surface area available for absorption * Water and minerals are obtained through root systems; root systems must have a very large surface area to absorb enough nutrients for the whole plant, they achieve this through having a branching structure and many root hairs. The root system can also be used to anchor the plant. Tap roots: these types of root systems have one main root, called the tap root, side roots come grow out from the tap root, tap roots many penetrate deeply into the soil; sometimes the taproots act as storage organs. * Fibrous roots: these root systems form networks of roots close to the soil surface, they can spread out widely to support the plant, and provide a large surface area for absorption of mineral ions and water * Aerial roots: in areas like water logged estuaries or swamps, plants produce roots that grow above the ground, these roots help with gas exchange. Explain the relationship between the shape of leaves, the distribution of tissues in them and their role * Leaves that don’t get as much sunlight usually have flat, broad leaves to maximise the area exposed to sunlight which allows them to photosynthesise more. Palisade mesophyll contains large amounts of chloroplasts to increase rate of photosynthesis and are arranged closest to the surface of the leaf that receives the most sunlight. Spongy mesophyll cells are arranged between the palisade mesophyll and the stomata, with gaps or a space between them; the gaps allow air to diffuse among the cells which are producing and release both CO2 and O2; this is where gas exchange occurs. Stomata open and close to limit and increase the rate of gaseous exchange and loss of water. Xylem vessels transport water to photosynthetic cells. Phloem tissues transport products of photosynthesis (sugars). Describe the role of teeth in increasing the surface area of complex foods for exposure to digestive chemicals * The role of teeth in a digestive system is to break large foods into smaller pieces, increasing surface area and allowing larger exposure to digestive chemicals * Explain the relationship between the length and overall complexity of digestive systems of a vertebrate herbivore and a vertebrate carnivore in respect to * The chemical composition of their diet * The functions of the structures involved Carnivores: The main com ponent of their diet is meat. Meat contains protein, carbohydrates and lipid (fat), meat is high in energy, and is relatively easy to digest as animals don’t contain cell walls or cellulose like plants; this means that the digestive systems of carnivores are short compared to herbivores. They have very short large intestines, as the meat has already been absorbed in the small intestine * Herbivores: The main component of a herbivore’s diet is plant material. Plants are composed of glucose, starch, lipids, protein, chloride ions and lignin. As most of the mass of plant material is made up of cellulose it is difficult to breakdown compared to animal material, herbivores use the help of micro-organisms to help digest the cellulose. This digestion can occur in two places; fore-gut fermenters digest their food in a chamber before the stomach called the rumen. Hind-gut fermenters digest its food in a chamber after the small intestine called the caecum. The digestive systems of herbivores are a lot larger and longer than that of carnivores. 4. Gaseous exchange and transport systems transfer chemicals through the internal and between the external environments of plants and animals * Compare the roles of respiratory, circulatory and excretory systems * Respiratory System The respiratory system enables gaseous exchange to occur between an organism and its external environment. Organisms take in oxygen which is essential to keep alive and remove carbon dioxide. * Circulatory (transport) System A transport system ensures that all cells in an organism are supplied with necessary nutrients and gases as well as removing waste. The circulatory system transports gases e. g. oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, hormones and antibodies. It is responsible for maintaining a constant internal environment. The circulatory system also removes any toxins or pathogens and is responsible for the distribution of heat. * Excretory System The excretory system is responsible for removing metabolic wastes from the blood and to expel them from the organism. Two main waste products are: Nitrogenous wastes – excreted as part of urine Carbon dioxide – expelled from the lungs * Identify and compare the gaseous exchange surfaces in an insect, a fish, a frog and a mammal * Insects: Insects have a system of branching tubes within their bodies called tracheae; they are open to the external environment by spiracles (pores). The tracheae branch throughout the tissues of the insect, bringing air directly to the body cells. * Fish: The respiratory system in fish are called gills, the gills have a plentiful blood supply, and so the gases diffuse directly into the blood supply. Diffusion of oxygen in and carbon dioxide out occurs at the same time, as water only flows in one direction. * Frogs: Frogs have two respiratory surfaces: skin and lungs, frogs have a well-developed blood supply to their skin, this enables the diffusion of gases directly through the skin. Oxygen from the air diffuses into the moist skin and is transferred by the blood to the heart, where it is pumped to the rest of the body. * Mammals: The gas exchange organs are the lungs, they are inside the body to prevent drying out. Explain the relationship between the requirements of cells and the need for transport systems in multicellular organisms * Unicellular organisms rely on diffusion to supply requirements such as oxygen, respiration, remove of waste products such as carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste. * Multicellular organisms are larger in size and aren’t able to use osmosis due to their small surface area to volume ratio. Large organisms such as animals need more nutrien ts and produce more waste. A transport system within the bodies of large organisms is able to transport nutrients and dispose of waste efficiently. Outline the transport systems in plants, including: * Root hair cells * Root hairs provide a large surface area for water to diffuse into the plant. Water seeps through the root hairs and travels up the xylem. * Xylem * Xylem consists of dead cells and transports water and mineral ions up the plant stem to the leaves. * Phloem * The phloem transports glucose throughout the plant and allows organic material to be transported up and down the plant. * Stomates and lenticels * Stomates are located on leaves of plants, they are pores in the leaf which enable the diffusion of gases and receive the gases needed for photosynthesis. Stomates can open and close; when open, gas exchange occurs in the leaf and photosynthesis occurs, but when they close, the rate of photosynthesis slows, this is controlled by guard cells, and dependent on light, humidity, water deficiency, and high temperatures. * Lenticels are pores on the woody stems of plants. The gases needed for respiration are diffused through lenticels and allow carbon dioxide to diffuse out. * Compare open and closed circulatory systems using one vertebrate and one invertebrate as examples * Invertebrates such arthropods have open systems. This involves the movement haemolymph around the whole body by a simple pumping system. The fluid is pumped to the front of the animal and slowly flows to the back. The pressure is very low and fluids circulate slowly. An insect has an open circulatory system. The heart contracts and fluid flows to the front of the insect. The fluid flows through the tissues of the body and enters the heart again through a series of holes. The fluid is then pumped again to the rest of the body. * Large animals such as vertebrates and squids have closed systems. The closed circulatory system consists of a muscular pump (heart) that forces blood through a series of tubes (blood vessels), these tubes carry materials rapidly throughout the body. The nutrients, wastes and gases are all carried in blood; the nutrients must first diffuse into lymph before it can be used. Closed systems meet the needs of large active animals. Humans have closed circulatory systems; the heart pumps blood around the body in veins and arteries, the body cells receive nutrients from the blood through the veins. 5. Maintenance of organisms requires growth and repair * Identify mitosis as a process of nuclear division and explain its role * Mitosis is the process where the nucleus divides into two separate nuclei, cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm forming two new cells; the role of mitosis is the growth and repair of multicellular organisms. * Identify the sites of mitosis in plants, insects and mammals * The site of mitosis in plants is; the root tip. In insects it is when the larvae undergo metamorphosis into an adult. In mammals mitosis occurs in many places including skin cells, hair cells and nail cells. * Explain the need for cytokinesis in cell division * Cytokinesis usually occurs immediately after mitosis, it is necessary to ensure that chromosome numbers remain constant. * Identify that nuclei, mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA * Nuclei contain DNA in the form of chromosomes; they contain genetic information that determines heredity and characteristics * Mitochondria have a set of their own DNA in a ring Chloroplasts also have a circular